The Human Mycobiome: Colonization, Composition and the Role in Health and Disease

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Authors

BELVONCIKOVA Paulina ŠPLÍCHALOVÁ Petra VÍDEŇSKÁ Petra GARDLIK Roman

Year of publication 2022
Type Article in Periodical
Magazine / Source Journal of Fungi
MU Faculty or unit

Faculty of Science

Citation
Web https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/10/1046
Doi http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8101046
Keywords fungi; gut mycobiome; oral mycobiome; skin mycobiome; genitourinary tract mycobiome; respiratory tract mycobiome; colonization; composition; dysbiosis
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Description The mycobiome is the fungal component of the human microbial ecosystem that represents only a small part of this environment but plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis. Colonization by fungi begins immediately after birth. The initial mycobiome is influenced by the gestational age of a newborn, birth weight, delivery method and feeding method. During a human's life, the composition of the mycobiome is further influenced by a large number of endogenous and exogenous factors. The most important factors are diet, body weight, age, sex and antibiotic and antifungal therapy. The human mycobiome inhabits the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and skin. Its composition can influence the gut-brain axis through immune and non-immune mediated crosstalk systems. It also interacts with other commensals of the ecosystem through synergistic and antagonistic relationships. Moreover, colonization of the gut by opportunistic fungal pathogens in immunocompromised individuals can lead to clinically relevant disease states. Thus, the mycobiome represents an essential part of the microbiome associated with a variety of physiological and pathological processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the composition of the mycobiome in specific sites of the human body and its role in health and disease.
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