Developmental neurotoxicants in human milk: Comparison of levels and intakes in three European countries

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Authors

ČECHOVÁ Eliška SCHERINGER Martin SEIFERTOVÁ Marta MIKEŠ Ondřej KROUPOVÁ Kristýna KUTA Jan FORNS Joan EGGESBO Merete QUAAK Ilona DE COCK Marijke VAN DE BOR Margot PATAYOVA Henrieta MURÍNOVÁ L'ubica KOČAN Anton

Year of publication 2017
Type Article in Periodical
Magazine / Source Science of the Total Environment
MU Faculty or unit

Faculty of Science

Citation
Web http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716324779
Doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.046
Field Environment influence on health
Keywords Developmental neurotoxicity; Daily intakes; Methylmercury; Organochlorine compounds; Pharmacokinetic model
Description Developmental neurotoxicants (DNTs), such as methylmercury (MeHg), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), have gained increasing interest recently due to their possible relation to developmental disorders in children, which are increasing worldwide. We analyzed levels of 14 developmental neurotoxicants in human milk samples from Slovakia (n = 37), the Netherlands (n = 120) and Norway (n = 388). Positive identification for most target analytes was >95% in all samples. In all three countries MeHg was measured for the first time in mother milk. The highest MeHg levels were observed in Norway (39 pg g(-1), ww) with the highest fish consumption. Levels of indicator PCBs (iPCBs, sum of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180), HCB and DDE + DDT were 2-4 times higher in Slovakia compared to the Netherlands or Norway. The levels of MeHg and organochlorine compounds were used for calculations of weekly or daily intakes (top-down approach) by means of pharmacokinetic modeling. The intakes ranged from 0.014 to 0.142 mu g kg(bw)(-1) week(-1) for MeHg and from 0.043 to 17.4 mu g kg(bw)(-1) day(-1) for organochlotine compounds in all three countries. Intakes of iPCBs exceeded a tolerable daily intake of 10 ng kgbw day(-1) in 16% of the Slovak participants. The top-down estimates were compared with bottom-up intakes based on national dietaty estimates and the results showed good consistency between both approaches, with the bottom-up intakes exceeding the top-down by a factor of maximum 3.8 for iPCBs in the Netherlands and 3.9 for HCB in Slovakia. This confirms that food consumption in all three countries represents the dominant pathway of exposure to these developmental neurotoxicants.
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